Table of Contents: BIO115 Laboratory Folder
Rashad Gray
Scientific Investigation Module #1
Feet Size vs. Height of Individual pg.1
Module 1 6/2/2011
Type of data: Correlative
Hypothesis: Not supported.
Relevance: This is relevant because we cannot assume that just becuase people are tall, they have large feet. Taller people may have the same feet size as a short person, but the taller person just has greater height. Feet size may have alot to do with bodybuild and stature, not just height. A person's skeletal structure may need larger feet to support it. In this case, bone structure and density have a lot to do with feet size.
Chocolate Milk Good for Atheletes? pg. 2
Module 1 6/2/2011
Type of Data: Anecdotal
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: Athletes who drank chocolate milk exercised longer than athletes who consumed the carbohydrate drink. Yet, there were no other significant findings or between chocolate milk drinkers and other fluid drinkers.
Testing Food Samples pg. 3
Module 1 6/3/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Not Supported
Relevance: The results were identical to the nutritional labels partially, but not completely. I was surprised to discover that all of the food samples were not as nutritious as the nutritional labels on the food packaging claimed them to be.
Environmental Utilization for Terrestrial Isopods pg. 4-5
Module 1 6/3/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Not supported
Relevance: Natural factors, such as plants and other organisms may have affected the presence or absence of the isopods in the soil. For example, larger organisms may have been predators to the isopods and certain plants may have been threatening to the isopod or negatively impacted the isopods environment.
Ecology Module #2
Glen Ecosystem Evaluation pg. 25-28
Module 2 6/23/2011
Type of Data: Correlative
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: The Glen does have low biodiversity and that is not a sign of a vibrant ecosystem. However, there is very little pollution in the Glen, which is good for the survival of animal and plant life. As a result, the few species that do live in the Glen have a viable environment to thrive in. There are several varieties of autotrophs in the Glen area, meaning that the level of producers in this ecosystem is high. Yet, there are not many consumers in the Glen, either primary or secondary. The lack of consumers in the Glen is a factor that contributes to its low biodiversity.
Acid Rain Effects on seed germination pg 29
Module 2 6/24/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: The acid rain prevents germination. Not only are the seeds affected by the acid rain, but the soils basic nutrient system is also affected. Since acid rain destroys the soils nutrients, the seeds are unable to grow. The tomato seeds in the petri dishes with pH 2 and pH 4 did not germinate. We believe this is due to the acidity of the water in these petri dishes. Yet, the final petri dish did show signs of germination.
Environmental factors: Human overpopulation pg. 30
Module 2
Type of Data: Correlative
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: It is obvious that the earth may become overpopulated with humans sometime in the near future. Overpopulation is an issue where the numbers of an organism exceed the carrying capacity of its natural habitat. The affects of overpopulation on human society are many. The demands of increasing population magnify demands for natural resources, clean air and water. Human survival depends on population control as well as a better management of natural resources. Being limited in quantity, natural resources need to be managed accordingly.
Genetic Module #3
What is a cell?
Module 3 6/4/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: Key difference are listed between each type of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Several examples of where each prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell might be found are given as well as other information about the cell types.
Cheek Cell DNA Extraction and Forensic Criminal Scene Investigation pg.7
Module 3 6/8/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: Extracting DNA is useful because it allows scientists to study an individual's genome and observe the structure of a specific human's DNA. The genetic makeup of human DNA is also helpful in assisting researchers in creating better and more effective treatments for diseases.
Human Inheritance pg. 8-9
Module 3 6/9/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: This lab experiment shows direct evidence that unique traits are passed down from generation to generation. This lab also identifies two types of traits, which are dominant traits and recessive traits. This lab discovered that having a dominant trait does not necessarily mean that it is the stronger trait or the better trait. That all depends on several factors. Soemtimes, it may be better to have the recessive trait shown physically in an individual, then having the dominant trait. This is obvious often times in illnesses like Huntington's disease, where the dominant trait triggers the genetic disease.
Crime Scene Analysis pg. 10
Module 3 6/10/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: DNA fingerprinting is very helpful in pinpointing suspects in criminal and legal cases. Furthermore, DNA fingerprinting is very often the most accurate type of physical evidence in criminal cases.
Solving Genetics Problems pg. 11-14
Module 3 6/9/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis:
Relevance:
Evolution Module #4
Evolution: Lab Module 1 pg. 15
Module 4# 6/20/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: The lab report showed that all species on earth have strong potential fertility and population size would continuously grow if all members of a specific species were born and would reproduce again.
Evolution: Week 1: Module 1 and 2
Module 4 6/20/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: The dichotomous key is very useful in classifying different organisms. Not only is it helpful in classification, but it is also helpful in organization. The key is helpful in organizing various animals or objects into a proper sequential order. Without the use of the dichotomous key, the process of classifying different objects and organisms would be very difficult and time-consuming. The cladogram is also useful in identifying different species and tracking the history of similar animals.
Microevolution and Natural Selection pg. 19-23
Module 4 6/21/2011
Type of Data: Direct Evidence
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: The Hardy-Weinberg equilbrium was correct in predicting that populations would evolve as a result of radnom mating. In random mating, multiple alleles that each have their own differences interact with each other allowing for variations to occur in successive generations. Consequently, evolutionary change occurs over time.
Journey of Man Summary Question pg. 24
Module 4 6/22/2011
Type of Data: Correlative
Hypothesis: Supported
Relevance: This lab discussed what might be the most important factor that influenced the way modern humans appear today. One of the things that might have influenced the way human beings appear today is the type of environment they were living in. This lab also discussed whether humans were still evolving. Humans probably still are evolving today, but not at the pace they were thousands of years ago because of advances in modern technology.
Thursday, June 30, 2011
Ecology
Rashad Gray
Biology Lab Group 1
Ecology
Problem: What is the effect of acid rain on seed germination?
Hypothesis: If tomato seeds are exposed to a pH of 2 and 4, then the seeds will not germinate.
Protocol:
Control: Water
Independent Variable: pH 2
Independent Variable 2: pH 4
Dependent Variable: Seed germination
1. Collect 3 petri dishes
2. Fill bottom, of petri dishes with soil, 3/4 full.
3. Check pH of bottle labels with pH strips.
4. Add 2 pH to one petri dish, 4 pH to 2nd petri dish, and water to third petri dish, add enough appropriate pH to each petri dish so that the soil is moist, but not soupy.
Provided Supplies:
Variety of flower, fruit and vegetable seeds.
Petri Dishes
pH solutions: Variety-may include pH 2.0, pH 4.0, pH 6.0, pH 7.0, pH 8.0, pH 10.0.
Different types of soil
Parafilm
Procedure:
For germination with soil, fill the bottom part of the Petri plate about 3/4 full of soil, add enough of appropriate pH solution so that the soil is wet but not soupy, then spread 6-8 seeds on the wet soil. Cover the plate and wrap the edges with parafilm. Repeat for each experimental condition to be tested. Allow to germinate for one week.
Research: What effect does acid rain have on seed germination?
Water becomes acidic when it mixes with certain chemicals. When water mixes with pollution and other chemicals from factories, power plants, and cars. These industrial processes are sent into the air, mix with water vapor, and enter the water supply through rain. The acid rain prevents germination. Not only are the seeds affected by the acid rain, but the soils basic nutrient system is also affected. Since acid rain destroys the soils nutrients, the seeds are unable to grow.
Conclusion:
Was your hypothesis supported? The tomato seeds in the petri dishes with pH 2 and pH 1 did not germinate. We believe this is due to the acidity of the water in these petri dishes.
Biology Lab Group 1
Ecology
Problem: What is the effect of acid rain on seed germination?
Hypothesis: If tomato seeds are exposed to a pH of 2 and 4, then the seeds will not germinate.
Protocol:
Control: Water
Independent Variable: pH 2
Independent Variable 2: pH 4
Dependent Variable: Seed germination
1. Collect 3 petri dishes
2. Fill bottom, of petri dishes with soil, 3/4 full.
3. Check pH of bottle labels with pH strips.
4. Add 2 pH to one petri dish, 4 pH to 2nd petri dish, and water to third petri dish, add enough appropriate pH to each petri dish so that the soil is moist, but not soupy.
Provided Supplies:
Variety of flower, fruit and vegetable seeds.
Petri Dishes
pH solutions: Variety-may include pH 2.0, pH 4.0, pH 6.0, pH 7.0, pH 8.0, pH 10.0.
Different types of soil
Parafilm
Procedure:
For germination with soil, fill the bottom part of the Petri plate about 3/4 full of soil, add enough of appropriate pH solution so that the soil is wet but not soupy, then spread 6-8 seeds on the wet soil. Cover the plate and wrap the edges with parafilm. Repeat for each experimental condition to be tested. Allow to germinate for one week.
Research: What effect does acid rain have on seed germination?
Water becomes acidic when it mixes with certain chemicals. When water mixes with pollution and other chemicals from factories, power plants, and cars. These industrial processes are sent into the air, mix with water vapor, and enter the water supply through rain. The acid rain prevents germination. Not only are the seeds affected by the acid rain, but the soils basic nutrient system is also affected. Since acid rain destroys the soils nutrients, the seeds are unable to grow.
Conclusion:
Was your hypothesis supported? The tomato seeds in the petri dishes with pH 2 and pH 1 did not germinate. We believe this is due to the acidity of the water in these petri dishes.
Monday, June 20, 2011
556578578857
Rashad Gray
Bio 115 Research Report
Assignment 3: Evolution
Professor Wise
The theory that certain aspects of life on Earth were invented by the contributions of a knowledgeable entity is referred to as the notion of Intelligent Design. Believers in this ideology state that natural selection, which is a key component of Darwin’s evolution theory is insufficient in describing how all elements of living things were formed. Specifically, the natural selection concept does not fully detail how higher level beings labeled with increased intelligence came to life. Intelligent design theorists believed that evolution by natural selection is not an accurate assumption on how complex creatures and life systems were put together. Therefore, if natural selection is an incomplete theory, then a powerful individual with high levels of intelligence must have brought these intricate life forms into existence. The followers of the intelligent design concept claim that natural science cannot fully elaborate on how all life processes and biological organisms on earth were assembled. In their opinion, the principles of evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin are also not adequate in answering every inquiry about the intellectual creatures known as humans. Natural selection is not enough to explain the ingenuity of how the human race was formed. So, intelligent design argues that a cognitive being was the architect of the life structures found on earth instead of intelligent life coming from a series of unorganized selections and processes.
Although, there is not much evidence to support this theory, there is alot of evidence to refute intelligent design. In a sense, intelligent design theory states that organisms do not change over time, but were created as they were. It does not discuss any possibilities of ancestry or genealogy where traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
Evolutionists believe that simple life on this planet, which eventually turned into a intricate biological structure of organisms and their environments, developed gradually by a natural process. This gradual development, especially from a simple to a more complex form, was an explanation of biological advancement. In the evolutionist view, the various species of today developed from earlier forms. Supporters of evolution reject the belief that life forms were simply created all at once, by an ultimate being with supreme intelligence, which is the theoretical stance of intelligent design believers.
They also believed these earlier life forms gave off traits to be passed onto the next generation of a specific species. Yet, each of these species underwent mutations overtime depending on environmental changes or survival needs. These particular changes were advancements from the previous generation and were completely unique.
Intelligent design theory also cannot explain how DNA came into existence, specifically human DNA. The human body’s genetic material is contained within the nucleus of each of its cells. The genetic material consists of coils of DNA arranged in a complex way to form chromosomes. As a result, genetics clearly supports the theory of natural selection because it discusses the variations that occur in different species. Intelligent design also fails to give verifiable evidence of how one intelligent force created an array of unique organisms. Additionally, intelligent design followers cannot explain the way a single intellectual being can be responsible for the various small mutations that happen in subsequent generations. Intelligent design is not a reasonable alternative to evolution by natural selection because the theory is incomplete and somewhat illogical. It does not have a solid foundation built on physical evidence and therefore cannot form a strong argument. Much of intelligent design theory is based on philosophical beliefs instead of scientific truth. Intelligent design will always be refuted by natural selection believers because it is closely linked to several religious ideologies that claim one deity is the creator of the universe.
Another one of the weaknesses of intelligent design theorists is that they claim not to appeal to any deities and that there concept is far removed from any religious beliefs. However, they do believe that the great being at the center of the intelligent design theory is otherworldly and may be divine. As a result, although believers in intelligent design try to separate themselves from traditional religion, they are only partaking in the creationist movement if they argue how humans came to be without showing any solid scientific evidence. Furthermore, without an argument based in natural science, the opinions of intelligent design believers can only relate to religious principles.
What I think needs to happen to ease some of the tension between conflicting theories is that both sides need to accept that each concept has its own valid points about the existence of biological models. Neither viewpoint can be considered completely wrong and should be respected by those who have opposing perspectives.
Bio 115 Research Report
Assignment 3: Evolution
Professor Wise
The theory that certain aspects of life on Earth were invented by the contributions of a knowledgeable entity is referred to as the notion of Intelligent Design. Believers in this ideology state that natural selection, which is a key component of Darwin’s evolution theory is insufficient in describing how all elements of living things were formed. Specifically, the natural selection concept does not fully detail how higher level beings labeled with increased intelligence came to life. Intelligent design theorists believed that evolution by natural selection is not an accurate assumption on how complex creatures and life systems were put together. Therefore, if natural selection is an incomplete theory, then a powerful individual with high levels of intelligence must have brought these intricate life forms into existence. The followers of the intelligent design concept claim that natural science cannot fully elaborate on how all life processes and biological organisms on earth were assembled. In their opinion, the principles of evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin are also not adequate in answering every inquiry about the intellectual creatures known as humans. Natural selection is not enough to explain the ingenuity of how the human race was formed. So, intelligent design argues that a cognitive being was the architect of the life structures found on earth instead of intelligent life coming from a series of unorganized selections and processes.
Although, there is not much evidence to support this theory, there is alot of evidence to refute intelligent design. In a sense, intelligent design theory states that organisms do not change over time, but were created as they were. It does not discuss any possibilities of ancestry or genealogy where traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
Evolutionists believe that simple life on this planet, which eventually turned into a intricate biological structure of organisms and their environments, developed gradually by a natural process. This gradual development, especially from a simple to a more complex form, was an explanation of biological advancement. In the evolutionist view, the various species of today developed from earlier forms. Supporters of evolution reject the belief that life forms were simply created all at once, by an ultimate being with supreme intelligence, which is the theoretical stance of intelligent design believers.
They also believed these earlier life forms gave off traits to be passed onto the next generation of a specific species. Yet, each of these species underwent mutations overtime depending on environmental changes or survival needs. These particular changes were advancements from the previous generation and were completely unique.
Intelligent design theory also cannot explain how DNA came into existence, specifically human DNA. The human body’s genetic material is contained within the nucleus of each of its cells. The genetic material consists of coils of DNA arranged in a complex way to form chromosomes. As a result, genetics clearly supports the theory of natural selection because it discusses the variations that occur in different species. Intelligent design also fails to give verifiable evidence of how one intelligent force created an array of unique organisms. Additionally, intelligent design followers cannot explain the way a single intellectual being can be responsible for the various small mutations that happen in subsequent generations. Intelligent design is not a reasonable alternative to evolution by natural selection because the theory is incomplete and somewhat illogical. It does not have a solid foundation built on physical evidence and therefore cannot form a strong argument. Much of intelligent design theory is based on philosophical beliefs instead of scientific truth. Intelligent design will always be refuted by natural selection believers because it is closely linked to several religious ideologies that claim one deity is the creator of the universe.
Another one of the weaknesses of intelligent design theorists is that they claim not to appeal to any deities and that there concept is far removed from any religious beliefs. However, they do believe that the great being at the center of the intelligent design theory is otherworldly and may be divine. As a result, although believers in intelligent design try to separate themselves from traditional religion, they are only partaking in the creationist movement if they argue how humans came to be without showing any solid scientific evidence. Furthermore, without an argument based in natural science, the opinions of intelligent design believers can only relate to religious principles.
What I think needs to happen to ease some of the tension between conflicting theories is that both sides need to accept that each concept has its own valid points about the existence of biological models. Neither viewpoint can be considered completely wrong and should be respected by those who have opposing perspectives.
Wednesday, June 1, 2011
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